Narratives from Mithilā: A Study of Madhubani Art
Madhubani, meaning “forest of honey,” was formerly a northern subdivision within the Darbhanga district of Bihar. It lies north of the hilly terrain of Nepal and extends southward to the limits of its parent district, Darbhanga. Additionally, it shares its western boundary with Sitamarhi and its eastern boundary with Supaul.
The Madhubani region has long been a centre for the intellectual and cultural achievements of Mithilā. During the colonial period, administrative policies largely neglected the region. However, after independence, Madhubani emerged as a significant cultural site in India, particularly recognized for the commercialization of traditional Mithilā floor and wall paintings.
This blog will examine the historical and cultural importance of Madhubani painting and the narratives it conveys. We will also discuss the transformation of Madhubani Railway Station, which showcases these artworks, offering travellers a link to their often-overlooked cultural heritage.
Image1: Madhubani District Map, Source: Maps of India. Accessed on: 13.03.2025
Historical and Cultural Background
The historical origins of Mithilā trace back to the reign of King Mithi, around 1000 BCE. During this period, the region encompassing present-day Bihar and southern Nepal was known as Mithilā. It is believed that King Mithi introduced the language Mithilī, which later evolved into Maithilī, a significant regional language still spoken in the region today.
In Jitwarpur, two distinct artistic styles have developed among women of different social groups. The “spiritual” style, predominantly practiced by Brahmani women and other high-caste groups, is characterized by religious iconography and intricate detailing. In contrast, the “secular” style, created by Harijana women (historically considered an untouchable community), often portrays folk narratives and everyday life. Both styles exhibit rich colours and symbolic motifs, reflecting deep-rooted faith and cultural heritage. Unlike structured artistic traditions, Madhubani paintings offer artists creative freedom, allowing each woman to express personal devotion. This practice shares similarities with the Japanese Raigō and Hindu-Buddhist mandalas, where art serves as a form of prayer and meditation.
In recent years, this traditional art form has significantly influenced the community’s identity and gained recognition, exemplified by the Madhubani Railway Station, a vibrant symbol of the region’s artistic revival.
Makeover of Madhubani Railway Station
The previously overlooked Madhubani Railway Station in Bihar underwent a remarkable transformation in 2018, when it was adorned with the colourful Madhubani paintings that enhance its environment. This revitalization was achieved through the Indian Railways’ “Rail Swachh Mission,” which involved the contributions of 200 local artists, with women representing eighty percent of the participants. Over a span of two months, these artists worked together to decorate more than 14,000 square feet of the walls at the Madhubani Railway Junction in the celebrated Mithilā artistic tradition.
These artworks not only illustrate the everyday experiences of the Mithilā community but also explore mythological themes.
Image2: Madhubani Railway Station, Source: Clicked by the author
Upon arrival at the Madhubani Railway Station, visitors are greeted by an entrance characterized by a straightforward rectangular beam, embellished with rosette motifs that display the phrase “अहांक मधुबनी में हृदय स स्वागत अछि,” which translates to “Heartfelt Welcome to Madhubani,” accompanied by two Pūrṇa Ghaṭa. The vertical columns are richly decorated with traditional Madhubani artwork. Each pillar features the silhouette of a woman dressed in vibrant sarees adorned with geometric designs. These figures are accessorized with jewellery, including earrings, necklaces, and bangles. Notably, the woman depicted on the right pillar wears a prominent nose ring, a traditional ornament typically associated with married women in Mithilā. They are gracefully scattering yellow flowers to welcome the arriving passengers.
Image3: Infant Kṛṣṇa killing Rākṣasī (demoness) Pūtanā, Source: Clicked by the author
The Madhubani Railway Station showcases a variety of paintings, prominently featuring an illustration of Pūtanā, a well-known demoness from Hindu mythology. She disguised herself as an enchanting maiden with the intent to poison Kṛṣṇa through her breast milk. However, Kṛṣṇa ultimately killed her by suckling the poison out of her. In this scene, Kṛṣṇa is shown in the act of suckling her, while Yaśodā observes in terror. Upon her death, Pūtanā’s true demonic form is unveiled.
Image4: Marriage Ceremony of Rāma and Sītā, Source: Clicked by the author
This artwork beautifully depicts the union of Lord Rāma and Sītā, a crucial moment from the Indian epic, the Rāmāyaṇa. Created in the traditional Madhubani style, the artwork uses vibrant hues, intricate designs, and strong outlines to express the joy of this occasion. Lord Rāma, shown with blue skin, is positioned at the centre, while Sītā is dressed in luxurious clothing and jewellery that reflect her royal heritage. A floral garland between them symbolizes the Jaimālā ceremony. Surrounding them are women in bright, elaborate outfits, likely representing attendants or divine figures offering their blessings. The festive details, including hanging floral garlands and ornate borders, enhance the celebratory atmosphere.
Image5: Rādhā and Kṛṣṇa, Source: Clicked by the author
This Madhubani painting illustrates the divine romance between Kṛṣṇa and Rādhā set against a backdrop of nature and a lively village festivity. Featuring detailed designs, vivid hues, and themes from mythology, it wonderfully showcases the essence of traditional Indian folk art.
In addition to mythological themes, some artworks depict the daily life and festivals of the people of Mithilā.
Image6: People of Mithilā Celebrating Rakṣābandhan, Source: Clicked by the author
Image7: Scene depicting a Marketplace, Source: Clicked by the author
Image8: Colourful birds flying around the tree, Source: Clicked by the author
Image9: A Pair of Fishes, symbol of Fertility and Prosperity, Source: Clicked by the author.
Image10: Fishes depicted on the staircase, Source: Clicked by the author.
Conclusion
Madhubani painting, characterized by its deep cultural roots and dynamic narrative quality, represents the legacy of Mithilā. From its historical origins to its contemporary resurgence at the Madhubani Railway Station, this artistic tradition bridges the past and present. Through the portrayal of mythological tales and daily life, these artworks provide significant perspectives on the region’s culture, ensuring the preservation and celebration of its traditions for future generations.
References
Chavda, Jagdish J. 1990. “The Narrative Paintings of India’s Jitwarpuri Women.” Woman’s Art Journal 26-28.
Duttagupta, Samonway. 2018. Bihar’s Madhubani railway station gets an arty makeover, attracts admirers. Bihar, 9 April.
‘Nirala’, Narendra Narayan Sinha. 2010. “Madhubani: A Contemporary History (1971-2011).” Indian History Congress. 1243-50.
About the Author:
Author: Sauban Ahmad
Sauban Ahmad is a postgraduate student in the History of Art program at the Indian Institute of Heritage. He holds a degree in History from the University of Delhi and has proficiency in Sanskrit and Persian.
